src: align FFI error handling with Node.js source

Align the FFI error handling logic with the rest of the
Node.js source.

Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/src/README.md#exception-handling
Signed-off-by: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
PR-URL: #62858
Reviewed-By: Paolo Insogna <paolo@cowtech.it>
Reviewed-By: Daeyeon Jeong <daeyeon.dev@gmail.com>

Author: addaleax