Python by Example

A practical, example-driven Python repository designed to help you learn Python from fundamentals to advanced concepts through clear, runnable code.

Each file is self-contained and focuses on a single concept, making the repository suitable for structured learning, revision, or reference.

If you like this project, please hit the ⭐ Star button and follow me on GitHub @blshaer!

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Table of Contents

• Overview
• Topics Covered
• Getting Started
• Prerequisites
• File Structure
• Learning Path
• Projects

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Overview

This repository contains a complete Python tutorial designed for both beginners and experienced developers looking to refresh their knowledge. Each topic is organized in separate folders with practical, runnable examples.

Key Features:

• ✅ Self-contained files — Each file can be run independently
• ✅ Comprehensive comments — Detailed explanations for every concept
• ✅ Practical examples — Real-world use cases and patterns
• ✅ Progressive difficulty — From basics to advanced topics

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Topics Covered

01. Basics

File	Topic	Description
01_print.py	Print Function	Output, formatting, f-strings, escape characters
02_comments.py	Comments	Single-line, multi-line, docstrings, best practices
03_variables.py	Variables	Assignment, naming conventions, multiple assignment
04_data_types.py	Data Types	Numbers, strings, booleans, type conversion

02. Control Flow

File	Topic	Description
01_if_else.py	If/Else	Conditionals, comparison operators, logical operators
02_elif.py	Elif	Multiple conditions, grading systems, ranges
03_match_case.py	Match/Case	Pattern matching (Python 3.10+), guards, unpacking

03. Loops

File	Topic	Description
01_for_loop.py	For Loops	Iteration, range(), enumerate(), zip()
02_while_loop.py	While Loops	Counters, sentinels, infinite loops
03_break_continue.py	Loop Control	break, continue, pass, for-else

04. Data Structures

File	Topic	Description
01_lists.py	Lists	Indexing, slicing, methods, comprehensions
02_tuples.py	Tuples	Immutability, unpacking, named tuples
03_sets.py	Sets	Operations, frozen sets, practical uses
04_dictionaries.py	Dictionaries	Methods, nesting, comprehensions

05. Functions

File	Topic	Description
01_function_basics.py	Function Basics	Defining functions, scope, docstrings
02_arguments.py	Arguments	Positional, keyword, *args, **kwargs, type hints
03_return_values.py	Return Values	Multiple returns, early returns, generators
04_lambda_functions.py	Lambda	Anonymous functions, map, filter, reduce

06. Modules & Packages

File	Topic	Description
01_imports.py	Imports	Import patterns, standard library, organization
02_custom_modules.py	Custom Modules	Creating modules, packages, __init__.py

07. Error Handling

File	Topic	Description
01_try_except.py	Try/Except	Exception handling, else, finally
02_custom_exceptions.py	Custom Exceptions	Creating exceptions, hierarchy, best practices

08. Object-Oriented Programming

File	Topic	Description
01_classes_objects.py	Classes & Objects	Attributes, methods, self
02_init_methods.py	Init & Methods	Constructors, properties, classmethods
03_inheritance.py	Inheritance	Single/multiple inheritance, super(), MRO
04_polymorphism.py	Polymorphism	Duck typing, operator overloading, protocols

09. Advanced Python

File	Topic	Description
01_list_comprehensions.py	Comprehensions	List, dict, set comprehensions
02_generators.py	Generators	Yield, iterators, memory efficiency
03_decorators.py	Decorators	Simple/parameterized decorators, functools
04_context_managers.py	Context Managers	with statement, __enter__/__exit__, contextlib

10. Best Practices

File	Topic	Description
01_pep8.py	PEP 8	Python style guide, naming, formatting
02_type_hinting.py	Type Hinting	Type annotations, typing module, generics
03_virtual_envs.py	Virtual Environments	venv, pip, requirements.txt

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Getting Started

Follow these steps to clone the repository and set it up in your local editor:

1. Clone the repository Open your terminal and run:

   git clone https://github.com/blshaer/python-by-example.git
   cd python-by-example

2. Set up a Virtual Environment (Recommended) It's best practice to keep your projects isolated. Run these commands:

   python -m venv venv
   # On Windows:
   .\venv\Scripts\activate
   # On macOS/Linux:
   source venv/bin/activate

3. Install Dependencies Install the necessary tools for testing and formatting:

   pip install -r requirements.txt

4. Open in your code editor We recommend Visual Studio Code. Open the project directly:

   code .

5. Explore and Run Navigate to any example, like 01_basics, and run the file:

   cd 01_basics
   python 01_print.py

6. Read the comments — Detailed explanations are provided inline for every concept!

7. Try the Tests — Go to the new testing module to see how professional code is verified:

   pytest 11_testing/01_test_basics.py

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Prerequisites

Requirement	Version	Notes
Python	3.10+	Recommended (for match/case support)
Python	3.8+	Minimum (for most features)

# Check your Python version
python --version

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File Structure

Each Python file follows a consistent structure:

"""
================================================================================
File: filename.py
Topic: Topic Name
================================================================================

Description of what the file covers...

Key Concepts:
- Concept 1
- Concept 2
- ...

================================================================================
"""

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Section 1: Basic Example
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ... code with inline comments ...

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Section 2: Advanced Example
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ... more code ...

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Learning Path

🌱 Beginner	📈 Intermediate	🚀 Advanced	💼 Professional
Basics Control Flow Loops	Data Structures Functions Modules	Error Handling OOP Advanced Python	Best Practices Testing

 Recommended Flow:
Beginner     →  01_basics → 02_control_flow → 03_loops
Intermediate →  04_data_structures → 05_functions → 06_modules
Advanced     →  07_error_handling → 08_oop → 09_advanced
Professional →  10_best_practices → 11_testing

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Projects

Put your skills to the test! Each project includes a challenge description (README.md) so you can try building it yourself before looking at the solution.

#	Project	Difficulty	Concepts Applied
01	Number Guessing Game	🟢 Beginner	Loops, Conditionals, Random module
02	Expense Tracker	🟡 Intermediate	Dicts, File I/O (JSON), Functions
03	Library Management System	🟠 Advanced	OOP, Inheritance, Custom Exceptions
04	Real-time Weather CLI	🚀 Professional	API Requests, Decorators, Type Hints

💡 Tip: Read the project README.md first and try to build it on your own before looking at solution.py!

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Progress Tracker

Use this checklist to track your learning progress:

• 01. Basics — Print, Comments, Variables, Data Types
• 02. Control Flow — If/Else, Elif, Match/Case
• 03. Loops — For, While, Break/Continue
• 04. Data Structures — Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries
• 05. Functions — Basics, Arguments, Returns, Lambda
• 06. Modules & Packages — Imports, Custom Modules
• 07. Error Handling — Try/Except, Custom Exceptions
• 08. OOP — Classes, Init, Inheritance, Polymorphism
• 09. Advanced Python — Comprehensions, Generators, Decorators
• 10. Best Practices — PEP8, Type Hints, Virtual Environments
• 11. Testing — Unit Tests, Pytest, Assertions

🏗️ Projects

• Project 01 — Number Guessing Game (Beginner)
• Project 02 — Expense Tracker (Intermediate)
• Project 03 — Library Management System (Advanced)
• Project 04 — Real-time Weather CLI (Professional)

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Happy Learning!

Made with ❤️ by Baraa